Amasezerano ya FDLR na Kinshasa ntateze kugarura amahoro mu Karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari

Leta ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) ikomeje gushyira imbaraga muri dipolomasi ishaka kwerekana ko yagiranye amasezerano n’umutwe wa FDLR agamije ko uwo mutwe ushyira intwaro hasi. RDC ishaka kugaragaza nkaho ari intambwe igana ku mahoro, ariko si ko bimeze kuko kuri yo kwambura intwaro FDLR ni ukwiyambura amaboko.

Bidasubirwaho, aya masezerano ya RDC na FDLR abangamiye amasezerano yashyizweho umukono na RDC n’u Rwanda i Washington agamije guca burundu imizi y’amakimbirane amaze imyaka myinshi azengereza akarere k’Ibiyaga Bigari. Izingiro ry’amasezerano ni ukurwanya FDLR hakoreshejwe imbaraga za gisirikari hanyuma u Rwanda rugakuraho ingamba z’ubwirinzi.

Ikibazo nyamukuru si ayo masezerano, ahubwo ni ukumenya niba azatuma FDLR yamburwa intwaro by’ukuri, igaseswa nk’umutwe wa gisirikare, abarwanyi bayo bagatandukanywa na FARDC na Wazalendo, kandi ntibongere gukoreshwa nk’igikoresho cya gisirikare cyangwa politiki nkuko byagenze mu myaka 32 ishize.

Ibyo ni byo bituma amasezerano ya Kinshasa na FDLR nta cyizere atanga, cyane cyane ko RDC ubwayo ifite amateka y’imikoranire n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro irimo FDLR na Wazalendo mu ntambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Congo. Wazalendo ikaba yaratojwe ikanashyirwaho na FDLR muri Kivu zombi.

Amasezerano ya Washington yari yashyize ikibazo cya FDLR mu nshingano z’ingenzi za Kinshasa zo kuyisenya, irabyemera n’umukuru w’igihugu Tshisekedi abishyiraho umukono imbere ya Perezida Kagame w’u Rwanda, Perezida Donald Trump wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’abandi bayobozi b’ibihugu bo mu karere.  Ubu icyari gikenewe ntabwo cyari ikindi kiganiro cyangwa andi masezerano hagati ya Kinshasa n’umutwe wa FDLR, ahubwo hari hakenewe gushyira mu bikorwa igikorwa gifatika cyo kuwambura intwaro no kuwusesa nkuko biteganywa n’amasezerano ya Washington.

Mu by’ukuri, kuvuga ko FDLR yemeye gushyira intwaro hasi ntabwo bihita bivuga ko ikibazo gikemutse. FDLR imaze imyaka myinshi ikorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo kandi, nk’uko amateka abigaragaza, FDLR si umutwe usanzwe nka Wazalendo iba ishingiye ku muntu, ahubwo FDLR ni umutwe ukomeye ukomoka ku gisirikari cya Leta y’u Rwanda ya kera ikaba ifite ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside igenderaho ikaba yaranayicengeje no mu yindi mitwe.

Mu mitwe isaga 200 ikorera muri RDC nubwo yishyize hamwe muri Wazalendo, FDLR ni yo ifite igisirikari gikora nk’igisirikari cy’igihugu aho buri murwanyi aba afite numero imuranga, aho abarizwa guhera ku itsinda ry’abantu 15, 45, 120, 600; ibyo mu gisirikari bita Palatuni, Kompanyi kugera kuri Batayo. FDLR ifite ubuyobozi bwa politiki n’ubwa gisirikare, inzego z’ubutasi, abayobozi b’ibice bitandukanye, amashuri y’amahugurwa ya gisirikare ndetse n’abakomando bafite uburambe mu bikorwa by’intambara.

FDLR ifite umuyobozi mukuru witwa Lt. Gen. Iyamuremye Gaston uzwi nka Byiringiro Victor cyangwa Rumuri ndetse na Maj. Gen. Pacifique Ntawunguka uzwi nka Omega nk’umuyobozi w’ingabo za FDLR-FOCA. Ibi bigaragaza ko ari umutwe washinze imizi muri kariya karere kandi umaze igihe dore ko ingengabitekerezo yayo yo kwanga umututsi FDLR yayishyize no mu mitwe y’abitwaje intwaro y’abanyekongo.

Kugira ngo FDLR yamburwe intwaro, hagomba kubaho uburyo bwizewe bwo kumenya umubare w’abarwanyi, aho bari, intwaro bafite, uko zibageraho ndetse n’uko hazagenzurwa ko batongera kujya mu yindi mitwe yitwaje intwaro. Ni ikibazo gisaba igenzura rihoraho kandi ryigenga.

Niba ibyo byose bisigaye mu maboko ya Kinshasa gusa, nta cyizere cyo kubona igisubizo kirambye, cyane cyane ko FDLR igira uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa bya gisirikare ifatanyije n’abarwanyi ba Wazalendo ndetse n’ingabo za FARDC. Kuri ubu hari abasirikari ba FDLR bahindutse FARDC ku mugaragaro. Binjiye mu buryo bubiri: Ubwa mbere bagiye gutoza FARDC basanga bakenewe barabinjiza. Abandi ni abarwanyi ba FDLR bagiye ku masomo bitwara neza FARDC irabagumana. Ubu twandika iyi nkuru abarwanyi barenga 70 ba FDLR boherejwe i Kinshasa kwiga uburyo bakoresha drones.

Imvo n’Imvano y’amasezerano mashya ya FDLR na RDC

Tariki ya 8 na 9 Gicurasi 2022, ubwo leta ya Congo, nyuma yo kumva ikibatsi cy’umuriro wa M23, yafashe icyemezo kigayitse cyo guhuriza hamwe imitwe yose yitwaje intwaro harimo na FDLR irema umutwe umwe wa Wazalendo. Uwari Minisitiri w’amashuri Makuru icyo gihe Muhindo Nzangui yatangaje ko inama yabaminisitiri yari iyobowe na Tshisekedi yazamuye aba Wazalendo ku rwego rw’abasirikari ba FARDC. Bivuga ko banganya umushahara n’ibindi byose bagenerwa na Leta.

Nkuko tubikesha Raporo y’itsinda ry’impuguke za LONI S/2022/967 ivuga ko ku itariki ya 8 na 9 Gicurasi 2022, imitwe yitwaje intwaro yo muri North Kivu yateraniye i Pinga, hagati ya Walikale na Masisi, maze ikora ihuriro yo kurwanya M23/ARC. Inama yari yarateguwe mbere kugira ngo iyo mitwe igaragaze uko ihagaze ku bijyanye n’Amasezerano ya Nairobi (Nairobi Process). Ariko mu by’ukuri inama ahubwo yashyize imbere imigabo n’imigambi yo kurwanya M23.

Mu byavuye muri iyi nama nuko FDLR yafasha kurwanya M23 na yo ikazafashwa gutaha mu Rwanda ku ngufu za gisirikari. Mu bari bahari harimo: NDC-R ya Guidon Shimiray Mwissa; APCLS ya Janvier Karairi Buingo; CMC/FDP iyobowe na Dominique Ndaruhutse, uzwi nka Domi; Nyatura-Abazungu/ANCDH-AFDP ya Jean-Marie Bonane; FDLR ihagarariwe na ‘Colonel’ Silencieux na ‘Colonel’ Potifaro; Inama yari iyobowe na Col. Tokolanga wo muri FARDC waje no gufatirwa ibihano na EU kubera iyi nama yayoboye. 

Mu cyemezo cy’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi cyo mu 2023, EU yashyize Simon (Salomon) Tokolonga ku rutonde rw’abafatiwe ibihano. EU ivuga ko yari Colonel akaba n’umuyobozi wa 3411th Regiment, kandi ko yitabiriye inama ya Pinga yo ku wa 8–9 Gicurasi 2022 aho imitwe yitwaje intwaro yishyize hamwe mu kurwanya M23.

Ikirenzeho, EU ivuga ko kuba Col Tokolonga yari muri Pinga yagaragaje ku mugaragaro ubufatanye bwa FARDC n’iryo huriro. EU inongeraho ko abasirikare ba 3411th Regiment batanze intwaro n’amasasu ku mitwe yitwaje intwaro, harimo amasanduku arenga icumi y’amasasu yahawe abarwanyi ba FDLR i Kazaroho muri Nyakanga 2022. Nyuma ya Pinga hagaragaye amashusho ya FDLR isaba ko barasa mu Rwanda.

Ese Kinshasa yaba umusifuzi n’umukinnyi icyarimwe?

Amasezerano ya Washington asaba RDC gukemura ikibazo cya FDLR. Ariko iyo Leta ya Congo ni yo igirana ibiganiro n’uwo mutwe, iciye inyuma abandi bashyize umukono ku masezerano ya Washington. Ibi bigaragara ko hari indi mpamvu yihishe inyuma atari iyo kurandura uyu mutwe ahubwo ko ari ukuwurera ugahora muri aka karere.  Ikindi kibazo gikomeye ni uburyo FDLR ishobora kwitwaza amasezerano ya Kinshasa mu guhindura isura yayo aho gusenywa.

Iyo umutwe witwaje intwaro usinye ko ushyize intwaro hasi, ariko abarwanyi bawo bakaza kwimurirwa mu zindi nzego, mu yindi mitwe cyangwa mu zindi gahunda z’umutekano, umutwe ushobora kuba wahinduye izina n’imikorere gusa, ariko ugakomeza kubaho mu buryo butandukanye. Byarabaye ubwo ALiR yahindukaga FDLR, cyangwa FDU Inkingi ihinduka DALFA Umurinzi. Ntabwo byashoboka gukemura ikibazo cya FDLR udakemuye ikibazo cy’imitwe yitwaje intwaro ikorera mu burasirazuba bwa Congo.

Wazalendo ni urugero rukomeye. Amakuru ava muri kariya gace nuko abayobozi b’imitwe ya Wazalendo bagiye bagirana amasano y’imikoranire na FDLR cyane cyane ko iyo mitwe yashinzwe na FDLR ikayishakira n’abayobozi ikabatoza. Niba FDLR yambuwe intwaro ariko imikorere yayo igakomeza binyuze mu mitwe yitwaje intwaro ikorana na Kinshasa, nta mahoro arambye azaboneka. Ahubwo hazaba habayeho guhindura uburyo ikibazo kigaragara gusa, ibikorwa bisanzwe bikomeze mu bundi buryo ariko mu by’ukuri nta na kimwe cyahindutse.

Amahoro ntabwo apimwa n’uko umutwe wahinduye izina cyangwa ko wasinye inyandiko. Apimwa n’uko ubushobozi bwo gukoresha intwaro no guteza umutekano mucye byavuyeho kandi bizavaho FDLR yambuwe intwaro ku ngufu, cyane cyane ko ubu bari mu ikinamico ryo kuzishyira hasi bagaragaza izishaje gusa kandi inshyashya bazigumana. Impamvu ikibazo cya FDLR kidashobora gufatwa nk’ikibazo cy’imbere muri RDC gusa ni amateka y’uyu mutwe n’uruhare rw’abawugize mu mateka y’u Rwanda cyane cyane muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 ndetse na nyuma yaho.

FDLR ifite amateka ajyanye na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994, kandi bamwe mu bayobozi bayo bakomoka mu nzego za gisirikare n’imitwe yagize uruhare muri Jenoside. Nyuma yo kuva mu Rwanda, umutwe wakomeje kubaka imiterere ya gisirikare no kwamamaza ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside mu burasirazuba bwa Congo. Ni yo mpamvu igisubizo cya FDLR kidahura na mba n’amasezerano ya Kinshasa n’uyu mutwe. Kigomba kureberwa inyungu z’umutekano w’u Rwanda n’akarere kose k’Ibiyaga Bigari.

Amasezerano ya Washington ntagomba guhinduka impapuro gusa

Amasezerano ya Washington ashobora kuba intambwe ikomeye mu gushaka amahoro arambye, ariko kugira ngo agere ku ntego, ntabwo bihagije ko impande zisinya inyandiko gusa. Hakenewe uburyo bufatika bwo kugenzura iyamburwa ry’intwaro. Hakenewe abagenzuzi bigenga bashobora kwemeza ko FDLR yambuwe intwaro koko, ko abarwanyi batandukanye n’abaturage, ko batinjijwe mu yindi mitwe yitwara gisirikare ndetse no muri FARDC.

Hakenewe kandi gahunda isobanutse y’ahantu abarwanyi bajyanwa, uburyo bwo kubatandukanya n’abaturage, gahunda yo gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe ku batazakurikiranwa n’amategeko, ndetse n’uburyo bwo gukurikirana abayobozi cyangwa abandi bantu bakekwaho ibyaha bikomeye. Mu gihe ibyo bidahari, amasezerano ya Kinshasa na FDLR ashobora kuba uburyo bwo gutinza ikibazo aho kugikemura.

Mu gihe FDLR itaramburwa intwaro, akarere kazakomeza kuba mu mutekano mucye

Ikintu cya mbere kigomba gusuzumwa ntabwo ari umubare w’amasezerano yasinywe cyangwa umubare w’abayobozi bayashyigikiye. Igikomeye ni impinduka zifatika. FDLR igomba kwamburwa intwaro. Igisirikare cyayo kigomba gusenywa kandi igatandukanywa na FARDC. Igomba kuba idafite ubushobozi bwo gukusanya abarwanyi. Igomba kuba idashobora kongera gukoreshwa nk’ingabo zunganira FARDC cyangwa undi mutwe witwaje intwaro, kandi igomba kuba itagishobora gukoreshwa nk’igikoresho cya politiki mu makimbirane yo mu karere.

Mu gihe ibyo bitabaye, amasezerano ayo ari yo yose azakomeza kuba inyandiko. Ni yo mpamvu amasezerano ya FDLR na Kinshasa, adashobora kuba igisubizo cy’amahoro arambye mu karere mu gihe Kinshasa idafite uburyo bwizewe, bwigenga kandi bugenzurwa bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yasinyiye i Washington.