Umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku kwerekana abakekwaho ibyaha

Kwereka itangazamakuru abantu bakekwaho ibyaha ni imwe mu ngingo zikomeje guteza impaka, cyane cyane ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Abantu benshi bibaza niba iki gikorwa, gikunze gukorwa n’inzego z’ubugenzacyaha, kidashobora kubangamira ihame ry’uko umuntu wese afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha.

Iki kibazo gifite uburemere kuko umuntu ashobora kugaragazwa mu itangazamakuru akiri mu gihe cy’iperereza, ariko nyuma akazagirwa umwere n’urukiko. Iyo bigenze bityo, amakuru yamaze gukwirakwira ashobora kugira ingaruka ku cyubahiro cye, ku muryango we no kubuzima bwe bwite, cyane cyane muri iki gihe amakuru akwirakwira vuba ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.

Ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere

Ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko umuntu wese afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha. Iri hame rizwi nka ‘presumption of innocence’ risobanura ko kuba umuntu akekwaho icyaha cyangwa akaba ari gukorwaho iperereza bitahita bivuga ko icyaha cyamuhamye.

Iri hame rinagaruka mu ngingo ya 107 y’Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha afatwa nk’umwere igihe cyose urubanza rutaramwemeza icyaha burundu.

Bityo, ikibazo cy’ingenzi si ukumenya gusa niba umuntu ukekwaho icyaha ashobora kugaragazwa mu itangazamakuru, ahubwo ni ukumenya uburyo agaragazwamo n’uko amakuru amwerekeye atangazwa, kugira ngo bitamutera gufatwa nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha.

Urubanza rwa Me Murangwa Eduard

Iki kibazo cyageze mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2022/SC, aho Me Murangwa Eduard yareze Leta y’u Rwanda, asaba Urukiko gusuzuma niba ingingo zitandukanye z’Itegeko No 12/2017 rishyiraho Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Ubugenzacyaha (RIB) n’iz’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha zihuye n’Itegeko Nshinga.

Mu byo yasabaga harimo no gusuzuma ububasha bw’inzego z’iperereza bwo kwereka itangazamakuru abantu bakekwaho ibyaha, ndetse no kubahatira kuvugana n’itangazamakuru. Hari kandi ikibazo kijyanye n’amafoto n’amashusho by’abantu bakekwaho ibyaha bishyirwa mu bitangazamakuru cyangwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, ndetse n’uko byakurwaho mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.

Umurongo w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga

Mu isesengura ry’iki kibazo, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje ko RIB ifite inshingano zo gutanga amakuru ku bikorwa byayo kandi ko itabujijwe kwereka abanyamakuru umuntu ukekwaho icyaha.

Icyakora, gutanga amakuru ku bikorwa by’iperereza bitandukanye no guhamya umuntu icyaha. Amakuru atangwa agomba gutangwa mu buryo bwubahiriza ihame ry’uko ukekwaho icyaha ari umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha.

Ni ukuvuga ko kuba inzego z’ubugenzacyaha zifite ububasha bwo gutanga amakuru ku bikorwa byazo bidaha uburenganzira bwo kwerekana umuntu cyangwa kumuvugaho mu buryo butuma rubanda rumufata nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha.

Bityo, ntabwo umurongo w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga usobanuye ko nta muntu ukekwaho icyaha ushobora kugaragazwa mu itangazamakuru ahubwo ushimangira ko ububasha bwo gutanga amakuru bugomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bwubahiriza Itegeko Nshinga n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu ukekwaho icyaha.

Ni ngombwa rero kureba ibintu birimo uburyo umuntu agaragazwamo, amagambo akoreshwa, impamvu yo gutanga amakuru n’ingaruka ayo makuru ashobora kugira ku burenganzira n’icyubahiro cye.

Ese uwagaragajwe nk’ukekwaho icyaha ashobora gusaba indishyi?

Iki kibazo kirushaho kuba ingorabahizi iyo umuntu yagaragajwe nk’ukekwaho icyaha, nyuma urukiko rukamugira umwere. Icyo gihe havuka ikibazo cyo kumenya niba icyubahiro cye gishobora gusubirana uko cyari mbere y’uko amakuru amwerekeye akwirakwira.

Hari aho usanga havugwa ko, iyo umuntu yagizwe umwere kandi rubanda rukaba rwaramenyeshejwe ko akurikiranyweho icyaha, hakwiye no kumenyekanishwa uwo mwanzuro kugira ngo rubanda rumenye ko atahamijwe icyaha.

Iki kibazo kirushaho kugira uburemere iyo icyaha umuntu yakekwagaho ari icyaha gisebyacyangwa gishobora kumusigira icyasha  mu muryango no muri sosiyete.

Gusa, kuba umuntu yaragizwe umwere ntibihita bivuga ko agomba guhabwa indishyi nubwo ku rundi ruhande, kuba yaragaragajwe nk’ukekwaho icyaha na byo bitamwambura uburenganzira bwo kuzisaba.

Ikibazo cy’indishyi gishobora gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku buryo igikorwa cyakozwemo, niba cyari gishingiye ku mategeko, niba hari uburenganzira bwahungabanyijwe ndetse n’ingaruka uwo muntu yagize. Bityo, uburenganzira bwo gusaba indishyi n’uko zatangwa bigomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibimenyetso bya buri kibazo.

Hari n’ingero zagiye zigaragaza uburemere bw’ingaruka amagambo atangazwa ku muntu ukekwaho icyaha ashobora kugira ku cyubahiro cye.

Urugero mu Burengerazuba bwa Australia, urukiko rwahaye Lloyd Rayney indishyi z’akababaro zingana na miliyoni 2,6 z’amadolari ya Australia mu rubanza rwari rushingiye ku kwangiza izina n’icyubahiro (defamation). Ibi byakurikiye amagambo yavuzwe n’Umupolisi Mukuru, DSS Lee, mu kiganiro n’itangazamakuru cyo ku wa 20 Nzeri 2007, amagambo yagaragazaga Rayney nk’uwashoboraga kuba yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’umugore we.

Urwo rugero rugaragaza ko amagambo atangazwa n’abayobozi cyangwa inzego z’umutekano ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku cyubahiro cy’umuntu, cyane cyane iyo atangajwe mu gihe iperereza cyangwa urubanza bitararangira.

Ku rundi ruhande, Urukiko rw’u Burayi rushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu na rwo rwagiye rushimangira ko inzego za Leta zigomba kwitonda mu magambo zikoresha iyo zivuga ku muntu ukekwaho icyaha. Mu rubanza rwa Kaya v. Belgium, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko amagambo y’umushinjacyaha yatangarijwe mu itangazamakuru

ashobora gutuma rubanda bemera ko uregwa ari umunyabyaha, bityo bikabangamira ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere.

Kuringaniza uburenganzira bwo kumenya amakuru n’ubw’ukekwaho icyaha

Abaturage bafite uburenganzira bwo kumenya amakuru ajyanye n’ibyaha n’ibikorwa by’inzego z’ubutabera, cyane cyane ku bibazo bifitiye rubanda akamaro. Ariko ubwo burenganzira bugomba kuringanizwa n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu ukekwaho icyaha bwo gufatwa nk’umwere no kurinda icyubahiro cye.

Urubanza rwa Murangwa Eduard rugaragaza ko ububasha bwo gutanga amakuru ku bikorwa by’iperereza budakwiye kwitiranywa no guhamya umuntu icyaha mbere y’uko urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rubikora.

Bityo, ikibazo cyo kumenya niba kwerekana abakekwaho ibyaha binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ntigikwiye gusubizwa mu buryo bworoshye ngo ni “yego” cyangwa “oya”. Icy’ingenzi ni uburyo bikorwa, impamvu bikorwa, amagambo akoreshwa n’uko hubahirizwa ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere.

Muri make, inzego z’ubugenzacyaha zishobora kugira impamvu n’inshingano zo kugeza ku baturage amakuru ku bikorwa by’iperereza. Ariko mu kubikora, zigomba kwirinda uburyo bwose bushobora gutuma ukekwaho icyaha agaragazwa nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha.

Ni na ho hakenewe kuringaniza ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi: uburenganzira bw’abaturage bwokumenya amakuru n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu ukekwaho icyaha bwo gufatwa nk’umwere no kurindwa icyubahiro cye.

Iri hame ni ingenzi cyane cyane muri iki gihe amakuru ashobora gukwira mu buryo bwihusekandi akaguma kuri internet igihe kirekire, n’iyo nyuma yaho umuntu yaba yagizwe umwere.

Yanditswe na NISINGIZWE A. Jean Baptiste, umunyamakuru w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Itangazamakuru (RBA) akaba n’umunyeshuri wiga mu Ishuri Rikuru ryigisha rikanateza imbere Amategeko (ILPD).