Imyaka 32 yo kuroha u Rwanda nyuma y’ikiswe ubwigenge, 32 yo kurwubaka rumaze kubohorwa

Hari imibare iba nk’impanuka y’amateka ariko nyuma ugasanga ifite igisobanuro kihariye; muri uyu mwaka wa 2026 amateka y’u Rwanda rwa none, umubare 32 ni umwe muri iyo mibare ikwiye gutekerezwaho cyane, kuko kuva ku wa 1 Nyakanga 1962 igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ikiswe ‘ubwigenge’ kugeza muri Nyakanga 1994 ubwo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yahagarikwaga burundu n’Ingabo za RPA-Inkotanyi ni imyaka 32. Ubu na none mu mwaka wa 2026 u Rwanda rumaze indi myaka 32 kuva Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 ihagaritswe.

Aya mateka yo mu byiciro bibiri angana mu gihe, ariko atandukaniye kure mu byo yasize ku gihugu. Imyaka 32 ya mbere yaranzwe n’ibikorwa bya politiki zashyize imbere amacakubiri, ivangura, guheza abaturage bamwe, ubwicanyi bwagiye busubirwamo, impunzi zabayeho imyaka myinshi ndetse amaherezo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi iraba mu 1994.

Aya mateka mabi afite imizi muri politiki y’ubukoloni u Rwanda rwamazemo imyaka isaga 60. Indi myaka 32 yakurikiyeho uhereye 1994 yabaye igihe cyo kongera kubaka Igihugu, gusana imitima, kongera kubaka inzego za Leta, guha buri Munyarwanda agaciro no gushyira imbere iterambere rishingiye ku bumwe.

Ibi bihe bitandukanye ariko bifite imyaka ingana bitwereka ko ejo hazaza h’igihugu hubakwa n’amahitamo y’abayobozi n’abaturage, kurusha uko hubakwa n’umutungo kamere, kuko hari ibihugu byinshi bikize ku mutungo kamere ariko bihora mu makimbirane kubera ubuyobozi bubi.

Mu gusesengura amateka y’u Rwanda, reka hagarukwe ku ngaruka z’ubukoloni. Mbere y’uko Abadage n’Ababiligi bagera mu Rwanda, igihugu cyari gifite ubuyobozi bwacyo, umuco n’inzego z’imiyoborere. Nubwo habagaho ibyiciro by’imibereho, ubukoloni bwabihinduye ibikoresho bya politiki.

Abakoloni bashyizeho inyigisho zishingiye ku moko, bavuga ko hari ubwoko bwavukanye ubushobozi bwo gutegeka n’ubundi bwagombaga gutegekwa. Bashyizeho indangamuntu zanditseho ubwoko, batanga amashuri n’imirimo hashingiwe kuri ayo moko, bituma Abanyarwanda batangira kwirebera mu ndorerwamo y’amacakubiri aho kwirebera mu ndorerwamo y’ubwenegihugu.

Ubukoloni kandi bwasenye zimwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere gakondo, bushyiraho ubutegetsi budashingiye ku baturage. Imirimo y’agahato, imisoro iremereye n’ubuhinzi bwagombaga gutanga umusaruro woherezwa mu Burayi byatumye ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bukorera inyungu z’ibihugu by’abakoloni aho gukorera Abanyarwanda.

Igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge, izi nzego n’iyi mitekerereze byari bikiriho. Ikibazo cyari ukumenya niba ubuyobozi bushya bwari kubisenya cyangwa kubikomeza. Bwahisemo kubikomeza kuko Guverinoma ya mbere ya Kayibanda yari ayiyoboye ku izina ariko abakozi wakwita abatekinisiye bashyira mu bikorwa gahunda ziteganyijwe bari Ababiligi. Perezida Kayibanda we ubwe, umukuru w’ibiro bye yari Umubiligi Paul Pattyn.

Nubwo minisiteri muri Guverinoma ya Kayibanda zari ziyobowe n’Abanyarwanda ku izina, buri minisiteri yagiraga Umubiligi wungirije minisitiri ari we ukora byose; ubutabera bwari mu maboko ya François Ackerman, ubuhinzi mu maboko ya André Dubois, Jean Dens, minisiteri ishinzwe impunzi yari Émile de Jamblinne de Meux, ubukungu ari Jean Dens, muri rusange mu nzego za Leta, amashuri n’imishinga  harimo Ababiligi babarirwaga hagati ya 350-400, ibi ni nyuma y’amasezerano yashyizweho umukono tariki ya 13 Ukwakira 1962, hagati ya Kayibanda n’ubwami bw’Ububiligi.

Ubwigenge bwari butegerejwe nk’igihe cyo kubaka igihugu gishingiye ku buringanire no ku mahirwe angana. Nyamara, ibyabaye nyuma ya 1962 byerekanye ko ubwigenge bwa politiki budahagije iyo budaherekejwe n’ubutabera n’imiyoborere idaheza.

Repubulika ya mbere

Repubulika ya Mbere yashyize imbere politiki yiswe iya “Revolisiyo y’Abahutu”, ariko uko imyaka yagiye ishira, iyo mvugo yahindutse uburyo bwo gusobanura no gushyigikira ivangura rikorerwa Abatutsi. Abatutsi benshi birukanwe mu mirimo ya Leta, abandi babuzwa kwiga amashuri makuru cyangwa kwinjira mu gisirikare.

Mu 1963, mu 1967 no mu 1973 habaye ubwicanyi bwibasira Abatutsi mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu. Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’abaturage bahungiye mu bihugu duturanye birimo Uganda, u Burundi, Tanzaniya na Zaïre. Abo bahunze bamaze imyaka irenga mirongo itatu mu buhungiro, abana babo bavukira hanze y’igihugu batigeze babona igihugu cy’ababyeyi babo.

Ikibabaje kurushaho ni uko ubuyobozi bw’icyo gihe butashatse gushaka igisubizo kirambye. Ahubwo bwakomeje kubwira amahanga ko “nta santimetero n’imwe isigaye mu Rwanda” yo gutuzamo impunzi. Iyi mvugo yagiye iba politiki ya Leta aho kuba uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo.

Repubulika ya kabiri

Nyuma ya Kayibanda, ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana bwaje buvuga ko bugiye kugarura amahoro n’ubumwe. Mu myaka ya mbere, igihugu cyagize ituze ugereranyije n’ibihe byari byabanje, nyamara imiterere y’ivangura ntiyahindutse. Hashyizweho politiki yiswe “équilibre ethnique et régional”, yavugaga ko igamije uburinganire mu mashuri no mu kazi. Mu bikorwa, yabaye uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibipimo byabuzaga Abatutsi kubona amahirwe angana n’abandi Banyarwanda.

Muri icyo gihe kandi havutse ikindi kibazo gikomeye: akarere kavukagamo Perezida Habyarimana katangiye kwiharira imyanya ikomeye mu gisirikare, mu nzego z’umutekano no mu buyobozi bwa Leta. Ibi byongereye ikibazo cyari gishingiye ku moko kijya no ku turere. Iyo igihugu gitangiye guha amahirwe abaturage hashingiwe ku bwoko cyangwa aho bakomoka aho gushingira ku bushobozi, kiba gitangiye gusenya amahame y’ubwenegihugu. Ivangura rishingiye ku moko, ryakorwaga hanategurwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.

Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yakozwe mu minsi ijana gusa ihitana abarenga miliyoni

Mu by’ukuri, iyo minsi ijana ni yo yabayemo ubwicanyi ndengakamere, ariko gutegura Jenoside ubwabyo byatwaye imyaka myinshi. Amashyaka ahembera urwango, ibinyamakuru byigisha amacakubiri, amaradiyo ashyushya imitwe, imitwe yitwara gisirikare n’umuco wo kudahana abakoze ubwicanyi ni byo byagiye byubaka umuco wo kudahana watumye abaturage bitabira gukora Jenoside ku bwinshi.

Iyo ubwicanyi bwa mbere budahanwe, gukora ubukurikiye biba byoroshye. Abitabiriye ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi mu myaka ya za 1960 no muri 1972 bahembwe imitungo yabo bishe cyangwa bamenesheje. Iyo ivangura ryemerwa mu mategeko, amaherezo abaturage baryakira nk’ibintu bisanzwe

Iyo umuntu atakibona nk’Umunyarwanda ahubwo akabanza kwiyumvamo ubwoko bwe, igihugu kiba kiri mu nzira y’ibyago. Ibi ni byo byaranze Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri zari ziyobowe na Gregoire Kayibanda na Juvénal Habyarimana.

Tariki ya 7 Mata 1994, isi yabonye ingaruka ziyo politiki mbi yari imaze imyaka 32 yubakwa. Hishwe Abatutsi barenga miliyoni mu minsi ijana gusa. Abandi baturage basaga miliyoni eshatu bajyanwa bunyago mu bihugu by’abaturanyi cyane cyane Zaire na Tanzaniya.

Nyuma yuko Ingabo za RPF-Inkotanyi zihagaritse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, igihugu cyari cyarasenyutse mu buryo bwose. Inzego za Leta zari zarasenyutse, ubukungu bwarahagaze, ibikorwa remezo byinshi byari byarangiritse. Ikibazo cyari gihari nticyari icyo kongera kubaka inzu gusa. Cyari icyo kongera kubaka igihugu n’umutima w’Abanyarwanda.

Ubuyobozi bushya bwari burangajwe imbere na FPR – Inkotanyi, bwahisemo ko igihugu kitazongera kubakirwa ku moko, ahubwo kizubakwa ku bwenegihugu bumwe. Mu nyandiko za Leta no mu mikorere yayo, Umunyarwanda yabaye ishingiro ry’ubwenegihugu kurusha ibindi byose.

Hashyizweho Komisiyo y’Ubumwe n’Ubwiyunge, gahunda zo kwigisha amateka, gahunda zo kuvura ibikomere byo mu mutima n’ubutabera bwanyuze mu nkiko Gacaca kugira ngo ukuri kumenyekane kandi ababigizemo uruhare baryozwe ibyaha bakoze. Izi gahunda zafashije abaturage benshi kongera kubana no kubaka icyizere. Isomo rikomeye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yasize ni uko igihugu kidashobora gutera imbere kidafite inzego zikomeye.

Mu myaka 32 ishize, u Rwanda rwashyize imbaraga mu kubaka inzego zikorera abaturage aho gukorera abayobozi. Hashyizweho gahunda yo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi, Imihigo ituma abayobozi babazwa ibyo basezeranyije abaturage, ndetse hanashyirwa imbaraga mu kurwanya ruswa. Izi gahunda zafashije Leta kongera icyizere abaturage bayifitiye no kunoza imitangire ya serivisi.

Mu myaka 32 ishize nanone, iterambere ry’u Rwanda ntiryagarukiye ku nyubako cyangwa imihanda. Ubwisungane mu kwivuza bwatumye abaturage benshi babona ubuvuzi ku giciro gito. Amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye yagejejwe kuri benshi. Ikoranabuhanga ryahinduye uburyo abaturage babona serivisi za Leta. Imihanda, amashanyarazi n’amazi meza byageze mu bice byinshi by’igihugu.

Abagore bahawe amahirwe angana n’abagabo mu buyobozi no mu gufata ibyemezo, bituma u Rwanda ruba kimwe mu bihugu bifite umubare munini w’abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko ku Isi.

Ubukungu bwakomeje kuzamuka, ishoramari ririyongera, ubukerarugendo bugira uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu, kandi u Rwanda rutangira kwakira inama mpuzamahanga zikomeye. Nubwo hakiri ibibazo byo gukemura, icyerekezo cy’igihugu kigaragaza itandukaniro rinini n’icyari kiriho mu myaka 32 ya mbere nyuma y’ubwigenge.

Hari ibintu bidashobora gupimwa n’imibare

Agaciro ko kuba Umunyarwanda ntikagaragarira gusa mu musaruro mbumbe cyangwa mu nyubako zigezweho. Kagaragarira mu kuba umwana uvutse uyu munsi atagomba kubazwa ubwoko bwe kugira ngo yige cyangwa akore. Kagaragarira mu kuba abaturage bashobora kwitabira Umuganda, bakagira uruhare mu bikorwa bibagenewe nk’amashuri n’amavuriro.

Ni yo mpamvu kubaka Ubumwe n’Ubunyarwanda ari cyo gikorwa gikomeye kurusha ibindi byose igihugu cyagezeho nyuma ya 1994. Imibare ntiyandika amateka, ariko ifasha kuyasesengura. Imyaka 32 ya mbere nyuma y’icyiswe ubwigenge yerekana uko igihugu gisenywa buhoro buhoro n’amacakubiri, ivangura n’ubutegetsi budaha agaciro abaturage bose.

Imyaka 32 ya kabiri nyuma yo Kwibohora yerekana ko n’igihugu cyanyuze muri Jenoside gishobora kongera kwiyubaka iyo gishyize imbere ubumwe, imiyoborere myiza, ubutabera n’iterambere ridaheza.

Amateka y’u Rwanda ni inkuru y’akababaro yarushegeshe mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bubi, ariko aho RPF – Inkotanyi babohoye igihugu, u Rwanda ruri kwandika inkuru y’ubudasa bw’Abanyarwanda, inkuru y’icyizere cyo kongera kubaho. Ni inkuru igaragaza ko ibihugu bishobora guhindura icyerekezo iyo bifite ubuyobozi bwiza, abaturage bafite ubushake bwo kwiyubaka, n’icyemezo cyo kutazongera kwemera ko urwango rusenya igihugu.

Uyu munsi, imyaka 32 irashize. Imibare yerekana ko umubare munini w’Abanyarwanda ari urubyiruko rwakuriye muri politiki nziza, bityo ahazaza h’igihugu mu yindi myaka 32 n’indi irenga ikaba itanga icyizere.  Izaba imyaka yo gukomeza kubungabunga ubumwe, kongerera urubyiruko amahirwe, guteza imbere ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi no gukomeza kurinda amateka yacu kugira ngo Jenoside itazongera kubaho ukundi.

Niba imyaka 32 ya mbere yarigishije Isi uko igihugu gishobora gusenywa n’urwango, imyaka 32 ya nyuma irigisha ko gishobora kongera kubakwa n’ubuyobozi burangwa n’icyerekezo cyiza, ubutabera, ubumwe n’ubwitange bw’abaturage. Iryo ni ryo somo rikomeye amateka y’u Rwanda aha Afurika n’Isi yose.